Syllabus Design free essay sample

With the publish explosion in the middle of the 20th century, the use of course books in ELT is more popular than ever before, especially after innumerable ELT preparatory classes has been established for a large number of departments at universities, private schools, and some state schools. Moreover, the administrations and circles of English teachers prefer ready-made course books because they possibly provide ready-made sillabi to be followed by teachers. Thus, the course books have gradually become the most pervasive tool for language instructions. There are a few different ways to use a course book. You might use one course book from cover-to-cover, following the teachers book word-for-word. Alternatively, you could supplement a course book with your own materials. Or, you might pick and choose the bits of the course book that you want to use, in the order you want to use them. The more you know about what you want and need from a course book, the more use you will be able to get out of one. We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus Design or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As teachers of English, we must know not only how to teach students using the given course books but also how to design the syllabus for a certain course.

Globalization brought about rising number of students migrating to different countries for higher education The WritePass Journal

Globalization brought about rising number of students migrating to different countries for higher education 1.10   Reference Globalization brought about rising number of students migrating to different countries for higher education CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of study 1.2   The significance of the research1.3   Purpose Statement1.4   Problem Statement1.5 The conceptual framework1.6     Research Questions1.7    Ethical Consideration1.8    Research limitations1.9   Overview of the chapters1.10   ReferenceRelated CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of study Globalization brought about rising number of students migrating to different countries for higher education. As international educations’ landscape continue to change, students are seeking opportunities that are not only advantageous to their academic agenda, but also to their social and professional development within a global context (Marginso; Agawal, Said, Sehoole, Sorozi and De Wit; Daglish and Chan, cited in Fleischmann, Lawley and Raciti).   There are great challenges in higher education brought about by globalization. â€Å"These challenges are seen as threats as well as opportunities for higher education around the world† (Arambewela Hall, 2006 p142) Research has shown that there is a continuous rise in the number of international student in to the Netherlands.   Generally the transition of studying overseas either from a secondary school or from the work place in another country in always challenging and usually stressful. According to Pereda et al. international students are often less satisfied with their courses than other student. Most international student i.e. full-fee paying students may have similar issues with their fellow domestic students but additionally they face some distinguishing issues like inadequate financial resource, social adjustment, loneliness and cultural shock etc, these may affect the students’ experience and hence their overall satisfaction. Therefore the need to understand international students’ perception of the service quality is vital. For a business to achieve its financial objectives and survive, understanding what creates a great satisfying customer experience is crucial.   Research has shown that high service quality contributes significantly to profitability. Understanding the students’ perception of service quality and satisfaction at the university is vital to management and policy makers in the design, implementation and evaluation of services, as the key to sustainable competitive advantage is creating memorable customer experience. Competing in a highly competitive market requires the delivery of superior service because it affects corporate image. International students have a significant role to play on the country economy for the fact that the pay full tuition fees and they spend on the country’s home produced goods and services. 1.2   The significance of the research This research will be a source of knowledge about issues concerning international students to the researcher who is an international student. Not only will the research be beneficial to the researcher it would benefit other individuals or groups of individuals because of the following: This research focuses on the effect of adjustment issues on the overall services experience of the international student and student satisfaction which will add knowledge to the existing literature on higher education service quality. The importance of students from other countries to colleges and universities cannot be undermined as they bring with them different cultures which adds to the cultural richness of the institution. The outcome of the research will be valuable to different groups of individuals like university management team and lecturers, the students and their parents, and the country. To the university management it will provide insight about international students experience and their satisfaction which will help management in policy design and satisfying their customers the students and their parents. To the lecturers it would lead to a better understanding of the international students need and better delivery of the services hence increasing their satisfaction. Finally, the students will be better served by the university and their fellow students, their experience abroad will be enhanced. 1.3   Purpose Statement This study aims at evaluating the service quality of the Netherlands University. The overall objective is assessing international student’s perception of the service quality provided and adjustment issues, and its relative impact on students’ satisfaction and potential loyalty. Seek to:   Ã‚   Examine the dimensions of service quality and the determining factors of international student satisfaction at   the university   Ã‚   Analysing the effect of interaction of service quality and adjustment issue on international student satisfaction and potential student loyalty   Ã‚   gain an insight in international student perception of service quality in the Netherlands University    To provide a set of conclusions and recommendations to enhance the level of quality of service provided by universities. 1.4   Problem Statement As the international education continues to grow in size and international full-fee paying students expect to be treat as customers, they have several adjustment   issues which affects their overall experience and hence satisfaction. â€Å"How does the adjustment issues of international students affect the overall service experience and what are the effects of this experience on their satisfaction?† This research is conducted mainly to find answers to the question above. 1.5 The conceptual framework This research will be guide by the SERVQUAL survey developed by Parasurama et al. An adapted SERVQUAL model with some modification made to provide contextual relevance, will be used in this study as it will help the researcher measure the perceived service quality across the five SERVQUAL dimensions. The SERVQUAL is an instrument for assessing customer perception of service quality in service and retailing organization (Parasuraman et al, 1988) Based on extant literature adjustment issues affect affects international students experience at universities. These adjustment issues are Academic, socio-cultural and psychological factors. The main key to success in studying abroad is the degree to which the student adjusts to the above mentioned factors. Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework The conceptual model above illustrates the study of international students overall service experience and their relative satisfaction with the Stenden university in the Netherlands. The study with the aim of evaluating the service quality and adjustment issues of the international student on their overall service experience, will also evaluate the effect of the experience on their satisfaction and hence word-of-mouth and if they will chose same university for further education. The main dependent variable in this study is the student satisfaction with the university and the sub dependent variables are Positive word-of-mouth and same university for further study. The independent variables are service quality provided by the university and the student adjustment issues. These independent variables influence both influence the dependent variables. When there is an overall good experience this will lead to student satisfaction which in turn will lead to a positive word of mouth and may want to further study at same university. If quality of service offered by the school is good and students adjustment to academic, socio-culture and psychological is good this will also lead to student satisfaction. On the contrary if the service provided by the school is good but students have problems with adjusting this may have a negative effect on their overall experience and student satisfaction. 1.6     Research Questions   The central research focuses on the analysis of the international students’ perception of service quality and adjustment issues at Stenden university and the relative impact on student satisfaction and potential student loyalty. The research aims at answering the following research questions: Which   service quality factors are most important to international students What are the adjustment issues international students faces? What factors affect international students perception of service quality at the university What are the determinants of overall international students perceived service quality In what ways does the quality of service affect the satisfaction of international student? How does an adjustment issue affect student satisfaction? How can the overall experience of international students be enhanced. 1.7    Ethical Consideration All the information collected will be used strictly for the purpose/objectives of this research and the researcher will abide to the ethical principles of research. The researcher will strive to be objective in her judgment in scenarios that might come up by not taking side but by being critical. 1.8    Research limitations The period required to complete the research is short therefore time is a constraint. The results may not be generalizable as the research involves only a single organisation. 1.9   Overview of the chapters The study will consist of five chapters followed by reference and appendices Chapter 1 Introduction consists of: Background of study The significance of the research Purpose of the study Problem statement The conceptual framework Research questions Ethical considerations Research limitations Chapter 2 Literature review Higher Education    International full-fee paying student Service quality SERVQUAL Dimensions Adjustment issues of international student Student Experience Student Satisfaction    Positive word-of-mouth    Chose same university for further study Chapter 3 Methodology Research methodology    Quantitative research The research Process The population under study Research design Data collection Chapter 4 finding and analysis of Data Demographic profile of sampling Data analysis Chapter 5 Summary and Discussion   Conclusions Discussions Limitations recommendations 1.10   Reference Arambewela, R. and Hall, J. (2006). A Comparative Analysis of International Education Satisfaction Using SERVQUAL. Journal of Services Research 6 pg 141-146 Fleischman, D., Lawley, M., and Raciti, M. Community Engagement and the International Student Experience: Definition. From http://anzmac2010.org/proceedings/pdf/anzmac10Final00179.pdf Khawaja, N. and Dempsey, J. (2007). Psychological Distress in International University Students: An Australian Study. Australian Journal of Guidiance Counselling 6(1) pg 13-27 Mehdizadeh, N. and Scott, G. (2005). Adjustment problems of Iranian international students in Scotland. International Education Journal, 6(4), 484-493. Pereda, M., Airey, D., and Bennett, M. (2007). Service Quality in Higher Education : The Experience of Overseas Students. Journal of Hospitality, leisure, Sport Tourism Education 6(2) pg 55-67 Qiang, Z. (2003) Internationalizatin of Higher Education: towards a conceptual framework. Policy Futures in Education 1(2) pg 248-270 Rogers, C. and Smith, P. (1999). Identifying the needs of overseas students: a monitoring exercise at the University of Southampton, August 1992. Journal of International Education 3(3), 7-24 Sadrossadat, S. J. (1995). Psyco-Social and Cultural Adjustment Among International Students at the University of Wollongong, PhD Dissertation, University of Wollongong. Zeithaml, V.A. (1988). â€Å"Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means –end Model and Synthesis of Evidence†, Journal of Marketing, 52 (2) Pg 2-22. Zeithaml, V.A, Bitner, M.J. Gremler, D.D.(2006). Services Marketing: integrated customer focus across the firm. International 4th Edition. Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., Berry, L.L. (1990). Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Customer perceptions and Expectations. NewYork: The Free Press.

Analysis Of Crm In Media Saturn Holding Marketing Essay

Analysis Of Crm In Media Saturn Holding Marketing Essay Whereas Media Markt is present in fifteen European countries with its stores, and it is operating also online nearly in all countries (exept Turkey, Russia and China).In all other country markets, the company’s homepage in the respective country only gives product information and refers consumers to the local outlet. (Reference) prices are not indicated, because, as already indicated, they are calculated locally and thus are not valid nationally within the context of retail store business.The entry into e-commerce was combined with the market entry in Italy in 1999. In the course of the takeover of Media World, the online shop Media World.it started at the beginning of 2000 with 500 articles. Logo and design were adapted to Media Markt, but with orange, green and yellow, they were flashier. Later on, it was adapted gradually and since January 2000, the company belongs to the Media-Saturn Holding. Under company law, it had been a direct affiliate of Metro Italia up to that tim e. On the homepage of Media World.it, the button â€Å"Compro online† (online shop) used to be somewhat hidden between job advertisements and the repair service.However direct access is now possible on the homepage, enabling the customer to visit the online shop independently of visiting the homepage itself.On the shop’s main page, it was not very clear at the beginning how large the product assortment really was: apparently, about 500 electrical equipment articles in welve groups, from car radio to washing machine. By the end of 2000, the product range had been increased to 1,500 products, with the aim of ultimately having a shop with an assortment of 5,000 articles. At the beginning, the prices of the Internet shop represented an average of the prices offered at all 23 Italian outlets at that time. Media World stores were not yet represented in the South of Italy or in Sicily. However, deliveries from the online shop were possible to all of Italy from the central war ehouse in Monza.Today, prices are calculated on the basis of comparisons with those of domestic online competitors are indicated on the homepage at the respective product description and are communicated aggressively (Hedewig Mohr 2000). From thebeginning,Media World has guaranteed delivery within five working days, but freight costs depended on the weight of the goods.Up to the present, payment is mostly made with credit cards. Other countries did not meet with online shop that early unfortunately. Metro and Media Saturn management had a long discussion time about the current market requirements of the sector. Metro Group managed to convience the Media Saturn Holding by 2011 for multichannel and Media Markt went online in 2011 in Austria first. End of 2011 Saturn opened its online store in Germany. Media Markt Germany followed in early months of 2012. By then all counties launched their online operations one by one. Only Turkey,Russia and China not operating in online channel yet. But preparation are ready for Turkey and Russia. It is expected to have online channel in these countries soon. China is not yet clear.

Immigration to USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immigration to USA - Assignment Example The work of the new department was overseeing a range of agencies and especially those specializing with immigration (US immigration enforcers, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and US Customs and Borders Protection. Creation of the new department came with a huge funding hence increasing the cost of maintaining all the departments, (Rollings-Magnusson 274). Secondly, deportations spending increased this is because the coming of the new department increased the activities of the subordinate department and this resulted to deportation of roughly 200,000 people in 2001 and almost double in 2011. Third, removing of criminals and this included both deportation and voluntary and since then it has doubled. Fourthly, police officers at the local level were promoted into immigration officers, a project aimed at securing communities. They worked together with Homeland security to ensure accomplishment of their goals of arresting and deporting the non-United States citizens. Finally was the tying immigration enforcement to corporate profits, this ensures that the law is enforced and the rate of immigration is reduced. What are the differences between the service and enforcement sections of immigration policy? Which do you hear about in the news? What do you hear? The service section has specialized with giving services to the people migrating in and out of the US, and has the responsibility of issuing visa as well as other crucial travel document to the immigrants. Additionally, they are responsible for immigrants screening and inspection of the immigrants before their entry to the United States. Enforcement section on the other hand deals with enforcement of the immigration department policies, (Maxwell 34); they are involved with deportation of those who are in the US illegally and those who lack the proper documentations. The commonly heard in the news the about enforcement sections since 9/11 is that the US administration embarked on ensuring their nationals safety, (Tirman 67). New policies and measures were put in place to deport those who did not have the necessary documents to be in the country and also restrictive measure were put in to place limit immigration in to the US. The news items common are on the number of people deported a nd the number of criminals deported, it is all about how people are being shipped and flown out of the US. What are the pros and cons of a law like SB1070? What do you think is going to happen? The SB1070 law had extensive negative impacts to the economy compared to positive impacts. Some of the pros are that the United State citizens could now obtain employment opportunities where the aliens had dominated and due to the restrictive immigration laws, security was enhanced. The disadvantage entails the decrease in the sector of the tourism; the police were authorized to monitor the immigrants’ documents especially those they suspected to be lacking the necessary authority to be in Arizona. This discouraged tourist because nobody wants to be scrutinized all the time other than being left free to enjoy touring the country as they set out to. The laws influence the sector of agriculture sector and most crucially in Alabama whereby the sector of agriculture sector generates revenu e. The laws incapacitated the performance due to the many restrictive laws. The restrictive immigration laws also influenced the businesses and this was mainly due to the distortion they brought in the competitive advantages in attracting new businesses to the region. The higher education departments lost students because many had came other

Culture in International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Culture in International Business - Essay Example In this way, management’s ability to understand the levels of nuance and meaning that exist within such a group is a key determinant as to whether the employees themselves will feel an overall sense of appreciation and inclusion with respect to the company as a whole. Such an emphasis on attempting to relate to and understand the cultural considerations with relation to foreign operations is something that likely cannot be overemphasized due to the primal nature of how human beings identify with their culture and then project these identifications within the workplace environment (Lung et al 2012). As such, rather than seeking to change the culture of the given work as a means to reflect a more domestically centric version of the firm’s operations, it is the duty of the manager to ensure that equal consideration is given to the unique cultural needs of the employees that he/she is responsible for. Although there already exists a large body of scholarship on the needs of the international business to recognize and focus upon the unique cultural needs of their component parts, as previously stated, this is truly something that cannot be underemphasized. Moreover, due to the fact that the author helps to lay out a quantifiable and descriptive list of ways in which such a process can be effected in order to achieve a better quality of product from the component parts of an international firm’s units.

Encouraging younger members of our communities Essay Example for Free

Encouraging younger members of our communities Essay If we allow children to make some decisions and be involved how does that help them develop? The advantages of encouraging younger members of our communities to become more actively involved in making decisions can be influential to their future. When children and young people have the opportunity to identify the problems that affect their lives and, most importantly, find and implement the solutions, it builds their self-confidence and encourages them to value the positive impact they can have on the lives of others. Through increasingly meaningful and active participation in decision-making children can develop their own identity, a sense of belonging and usefulness. This encourages them to respond to educational opportunities and enter more fully into life at school. A child, whose active engagement with the world and who has been encouraged from a young age, will become more confident to make correct decisions later on in life from skill and mistakes previous involved in. Why is it important you are a positive role model and how do you do this? Having a role model can give a child focus in their lives and something to work towards. Often a role model has a character trait or job that your child desires to have. Because of the role models example children are more likely to work to achieve their goals. A role model can inspire a child to dream big. Often circumstances make dreams seem impossible. A child who has no role model cannot imagine overcoming. A child whose role model has achieved can inspire a child to work harder and achieve their dreams. Those who often find success do so because they had a role model who spurred them on to great things. There are setbacks in every persons life. Knowing that someone else has overcome and achieved will help your child during the hard times. They can look at their role model and realise that at one point they were a child and faced adversity. Yet they were able to achieve their goals. This will help give the child the strength to overcome. Having a role model can help a child develop good habits. If your child has a desire to succeed and become like their role model they will develop those habits necessary to achieve that goal. How can disability affect some children? Having a learning disability has some effect on a childs ability to interact with other students. A child quickly realises that differences exist in the ability to learn certain subjects, compared to peers. A child with a learning disability must work much harder than peers do to complete school assignments. Long hours are spent trying to complete the same homework that other students complete in a much shorter space of time. Because the learning disabled child must work harder than other students, yet not do as well on test or assignments, the child will struggle with self-esteem. It is quite common for fellow students to call learning disabled students names, or talk about the disabilities behind their backs. Therefore, the learning disabled student may have few true and long-lasting friendships. A childs self-esteem and self-worth, is quite often closely tied to the opinions of peer groups and close friendships. A child with a disability may find learning to read complicated. This may allow the child to become frustrated and problems could arise at home or in school, behavioural problems could also be seen, as well as the child becoming unenthusiastic or disliking school. What support can families with a child with disabilities access? Think respite care, short-term breaks, support services in the home, out of school clubs. When a care relationship is not professional and not based on shifts and normal working hours, but is continuous for 24 hours a day, seven days a week, a break is not a luxury but essential to maintain the caring role. Day respite can be provided to offer short periods of respite in a range of different ways either in the home or in day centres for older people, or via adult day care resources and enhanced care units. It may also be possible to access services provided by the private and voluntary sectors. Residential respite and phased care can be provided in a residential setting to enable carers to have a break from their caring role. The council has a number of units, which may provide this. Short breaks give disabled children and young people enjoyable experiences away from their primary carers, contributing to their personal and social development and reducing social isolation. They also give parents and families a necessary and valuable break from caring responsibilities and disabled children and young people access to inclusive activities in their local community.There are many different ways to provide short breaks. Each break will differ and depend on the needs of your child and family.Short Breaks can include group based support – for example holiday clubs, after school clubs, sports groups individual short breaks – for example personal assistants, care in the home Children’s centres and extended schools are designed to support children and young people in achieving the five outcomes set out in Every Child Matters, to stay safe, be healthy, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.

A History Of Marriage And Divorce: Cohabitacion Can Result in a Positi

In the past fourteen billion years, the world has evolved numerous times. From creatures’ extinctions to the rise of technology, the world is constantly on a path of changes. And, even though not all events have been pleasant experiences, humans have definitely had the chance to learn from those happenings: one example being, marriage and its effects on family development. Since the beginning of time, open relationships between people, one reason being for the purpose of reproduction, have existed. It is simply part of human nature to bond with others; human instinct. History also shows that legal contracts did not tie up the first relationships during the Stone Age. However, due to society, marriage has been represented as the basis of a family, therefore, portraying that a legal contract amongst two heterosexual people is required in order to have the â€Å"happily ever after† story. But what happens when problems within a marriage exist, and the people involved are n o longer happy? What about those cohabitants who have gone through rough situations and still remain together for many years? So does a legal contract really determine the longevity of a marriage? What is the real definition of marriage? From the start of the Stone Age to current day, humans have witnessed the evolution of marriage, and the benefits of opting for cohabitation. The definition of marriage has gone from being a mandatory arrangement, to being part of the civil right movement, to cohabitation being the best or only alternative to marriage. Once humanity became civilized, the meaning of intercourse relationships went from it being a human instinct to a social requirement: â€Å"Apparently the single most important function of marriage throughout history has been... ... Moral Communities On Cohabitation.† Review Of Religious Research 54.1 (2012): 45- 67. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Apri. 2014. Kuby, William. â€Å"Making Marriage Work: A History Of Marriage And Divorce In The Twentieth-Century United States.† Journal Of American Culture 35.3 (2012): 279-280. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Marriage.† Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster Incorporation, 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. Murray, Melissa. â€Å"Marriage As Punishment.† Columbia Law Review. 112.1 (2012): 1-65. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. Staub, August W. â€Å"Marriage, A History† Magill’s Literary Annual 2006 (2006): 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. â€Å"Marriage And Divorce: Changes And Their Driving Forces.† Journal of Economic Perspective 21.2 (2007): 27-52. Business Source Elite. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

Principle of marketing extra credit case study Essay

In stark contrast to British Airways, Aeroflot-Russian Airlines is new to the skies of international commercial airlines. Aeroflot’s 114 planes transported 3.8 million passengers in 1996 compared to British Airlines’ 25.35 million passengers. Aeroflot’s figures are down considerably from 1991, the year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when its 5,400 planes carried 138 million passengers. Since 1991 the airline has had trouble adjusting from a monopoly to a competitive marketplace as the rival private Russian airline, Transaero, built passenger loyalty by stressing good service and on-time flights. Aeroflot’s attempt to become a world class airline has been hampered by a poor safety record, bad food, surly service, dilapidated cabins and frequently cancelled or late flights. At less than 60%, Aeroflot’s load factor (the percentage of seats on each flight occupied by paying customers), is the lowest in the international airline industry. In order to expand its business in this highly competitive industry Aeroflot has copied many of the strategies the leading airlines. In January 1997, the airline announced a marketing alliance with Continental Airlines to allow Continental flights from Newark, NJ to Moscow’s Sheremetyeva International Airport. Aeroflot has renovated its training academy to include a curriculum that focuses on image and marketing, and includes the slogan, â€Å"the customer is always right.† The airline launched Telephone Confidential, a customer complaint line, and in an effort to modernise its fleet ordered 10 Boeing 737s. Marketing has been a big part of Aeroflot’s fight to gain back passengers. The image the airline has selected for itself in its first multimedia advertising campaign attempts to convince sceptical consumers that the airline has solved its safety and service problems. The campaign uses magazine, billboard and TV commercials, and features a flying elephant with  a slogan that translates into â€Å"light on its feet.† The not so subtle message means that if elephants can fly, so can Aeroflot. Aeroflot’s web page (http://www.aeroflot.org), exhibits a decidedly western influence. The home page has links to pages that describe its airplane fleet, a graphic presentation and description of Moscow’s Sheremetyeva airport, flight schedule, news, information, cargo, routeway, charter, and travel office. Judging from the neat, professional appearance of the Web page, Aeroflot’s competitors need to be prepared for a dogfight to keep this airline from cutting into their business. Questions: 1. What are the advertising objectives for Aeroflot’s Flying Elephant campaign? 2. How could Aeroflot’s build brand recognition in Vietnam? Explain the process with supporting details. 3. Explain how Aeroflot could position their services for maximum competitive advantage in the airline industry in South East Asia. Sources: http://www.aeroflot.org; Alessandra Stanley, â€Å"Hod the Jokes, Please: Aeroflot Buffs Its Image,† The New York Times, June 29, 1997, p. F1; Al Frank, â€Å"Continental Signs with Aeroflot for Daily Moscow Flights,† Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News, January 15, 1997; â€Å"On a Wing and a Prayer: Aviation in Russia,† The Economist, October 5, 1996, p. 103; Victoria Pope, â€Å"The Gray Chicken is Definitely Out, Aeroflot Tries to Learn Service with a Smile,† U. S. News and World Report, October 28, 1996, p. 45.

Computer Operating System

An operating system (OS) is like a facilitator, providing an environment for application programs to run in. It provides an interface between computer hardware and the user of the application programs. Application programs are a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request. Hardware are the physical devices that make up the system such as the monitor, keyboard, printer, ect. The OS typically includes anywhere from tens to thousands of built-in subroutines called functions which applications can call to perform basic tasks such as displaying a string of text on the screen or inputting a character from the keyboard. The OS allows the user to interact with and obtain information from the hardware through a series of layers. The command layer is the only part of the OS that interacts with the user and sometimes is referred to as the shell. It is the user†s interface to the OS in that the user can request system services via a Job Control Language (JCL), which is the set of commands and their syntax requirements, or through a GUI (Graphical User Interface), the newest command language. The command interpreter decides which services must be executed to process the request and passes these to the service layer. The service layer accepts the commands and translates them into detailed instructions. There is one service call for each number of system requests provided by this layer. It handles functions in process control, file control, and device control. It makes requests to drivers for access to the kernel layer, which interacts directly with the hardware. Input must travel through these layers to reach the hardware and the results must travel back. First and foremost, an operating system must provide a mechanism for starting processes, which most of us know as programs. There are two main types of operating systems: single-tasking and multitasking. DOS is an example of a single-tasking operating system, which simply means that it can only run one program at a time. Windows95 (or newer editions, prior editions were a GUI interface to DOS) is the most widely used multitasking operating system on PC†s. Multitasking means that many programs can run at the same time. The processor (CPU), which selects and executes instructions, must divide its time to each active application to make it appear that all are running at once. These types of operating systems contain schedulers that divide the processor†s time among active processes. The schedulers are located in the kernel. Each process has one or several threads of execution. Every few milliseconds the scheduler takes control of the CPU from the thread it is currently executing, uses a complex time-allocation algorithm to decide which thread should execute next, and continues executing the thread at the point where it was last interrupted. The next fundamental duty of an operating system is to manage the memory – or storage of data – available to it and its applications. The goal in memory management is to give each application the memory it needs without infringing upon memory used by other applications. When a program is loaded and ran, the OS allocates a block of memory to hold the program†s code and data. If a program requires additional memory, it can call a function in the operating system to request more. DOS does not handle memory very well because it runs in real mode, where only 1MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) is addressable. The RAM is volatile memory that stores the running applications but the information is lost when the computer is turned off. Windows95 does a much better job of managing memory because it runs in protected mode, which allows it to use all memory, including extended memory. And even when that much memory isn†t enough, it can make more available by creating virtual memory from free space (space that has nothing stored in it) on a hard disk (non-removable secondary storage hardware device). Virtual Memory is a memory management technique that only loads active portions of a program into main memory. Windows95 also takes steps to prevent an application from accessing memory that it does not own. In DOS, and application can write to someone else†s memory, including the operating system†s, which can crash the entire system. Windows95 runs applications in private address spaces that are logically isolated from each other and identify the start of the file. One of an operating system†s most important components is its file system – the part responsible for managing files stored on hard disks and other mass-storage devices. An operating system provides high-level functions that applications can call to control file I/O, which covers the opening, closing, creating, deleting, and renaming of files. To read a chunk of data from a file, the application calls an operating system function and passes the operating system the file handle (which uniquely identifies an open file), the address in memory where the data should be copied, and the number of bytes to copy. The OS has to identify each sector on the disk that holds a portion of the requested file and program the drive controller to retrieve the information, sector by sector. It has to do this efficiently so that the information is retrieved quickly. The OS finds the right locations on the disk because it keeps a map that contains the name of each file and a record of where it is stored. DOS and Windows95 use a file allocation table as a map to find the locations. Another role that operating systems play in making a computer work is controlling device I/O. A device is a piece of hardware such as a video adapter, keyboard, or mouse. To talk to a device, a program must speak the device†s language, which usually consists of streams of 1†³s and 0†³s. There are thousands of different devices and â€Å"languages†, so the OS helps out by serving as an interpreter. It talks to the devices through device drivers, which are interface programs specially designed for each individual I/O device. Most operating systems like Windows95 come with dozens of different drivers for each I/O device. DOS also uses drivers, but they are often so primitive that the applications perform device I/O by relying on low-level routines encoded in ROM (Read Only Memory – allows the data to be read but not written) in the computer†s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or by talking directly to the hardware. Computer Operating System An operating system (OS) is like a facilitator, providing an environment for application programs to run in. It provides an interface between computer hardware and the user of the application programs. Application programs are a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request. Hardware are the physical devices that make up the system such as the monitor, keyboard, printer, ect. The OS typically includes anywhere from tens to thousands of built-in subroutines called functions which applications can call to perform basic tasks such as displaying a string of text on the screen or inputting a character from the keyboard. The OS allows the user to interact with and obtain information from the hardware through a series of layers. The command layer is the only part of the OS that interacts with the user and sometimes is referred to as the shell. It is the user†s interface to the OS in that the user can request system services via a Job Control Language (JCL), which is the set of commands and their syntax requirements, or through a GUI (Graphical User Interface), the newest command language. The command interpreter decides which services must be executed to process the request and passes these to the service layer. The service layer accepts the commands and translates them into detailed instructions. There is one service call for each number of system requests provided by this layer. It handles functions in process control, file control, and device control. It makes requests to drivers for access to the kernel layer, which interacts directly with the hardware. Input must travel through these layers to reach the hardware and the results must travel back. First and foremost, an operating system must provide a mechanism for starting processes, which most of us know as programs. There are two main types of operating systems: single-tasking and multitasking. DOS is an example of a single-tasking operating system, which simply means that it can only run one program at a time. Windows95 (or newer editions, prior editions were a GUI interface to DOS) is the most widely used multitasking operating system on PC†s. Multitasking means that many programs can run at the same time. The processor (CPU), which selects and executes instructions, must divide its time to each active application to make it appear that all are running at once. These types of operating systems contain schedulers that divide the processor†s time among active processes. The schedulers are located in the kernel. Each process has one or several threads of execution. Every few milliseconds the scheduler takes control of the CPU from the thread it is currently executing, uses a complex time-allocation algorithm to decide which thread should execute next, and continues executing the thread at the point where it was last interrupted. The next fundamental duty of an operating system is to manage the memory – or storage of data – available to it and its applications. The goal in memory management is to give each application the memory it needs without infringing upon memory used by other applications. When a program is loaded and ran, the OS allocates a block of memory to hold the program†s code and data. If a program requires additional memory, it can call a function in the operating system to request more. DOS does not handle memory very well because it runs in real mode, where only 1MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) is addressable. The RAM is volatile memory that stores the running applications but the information is lost when the computer is turned off. Windows95 does a much better job of managing memory because it runs in protected mode, which allows it to use all memory, including extended memory. And even when that much memory isn†t enough, it can make more available by creating virtual memory from free space (space that has nothing stored in it) on a hard disk (non-removable secondary storage hardware device). Virtual Memory is a memory management technique that only loads active portions of a program into main memory. Windows95 also takes steps to prevent an application from accessing memory that it does not own. In DOS, and application can write to someone else†s memory, including the operating system†s, which can crash the entire system. Windows95 runs applications in private address spaces that are logically isolated from each other and identify the start of the file. One of an operating system†s most important components is its file system – the part responsible for managing files stored on hard disks and other mass-storage devices. An operating system provides high-level functions that applications can call to control file I/O, which covers the opening, closing, creating, deleting, and renaming of files. To read a chunk of data from a file, the application calls an operating system function and passes the operating system the file handle (which uniquely identifies an open file), the address in memory where the data should be copied, and the number of bytes to copy. The OS has to identify each sector on the disk that holds a portion of the requested file and program the drive controller to retrieve the information, sector by sector. It has to do this efficiently so that the information is retrieved quickly. The OS finds the right locations on the disk because it keeps a map that contains the name of each file and a record of where it is stored. DOS and Windows95 use a file allocation table as a map to find the locations. Another role that operating systems play in making a computer work is controlling device I/O. A device is a piece of hardware such as a video adapter, keyboard, or mouse. To talk to a device, a program must speak the device†s language, which usually consists of streams of 1†³s and 0†³s. There are thousands of different devices and â€Å"languages†, so the OS helps out by serving as an interpreter. It talks to the devices through device drivers, which are interface programs specially designed for each individual I/O device. Most operating systems like Windows95 come with dozens of different drivers for each I/O device. DOS also uses drivers, but they are often so primitive that the applications perform device I/O by relying on low-level routines encoded in ROM (Read Only Memory – allows the data to be read but not written) in the computer†s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or by talking directly to the hardware.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Free Online Research Papers Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in 1712. The death of his mother and the abandonment of his father brought about adult circumstances in his young life. Critical thinking maybe something he learned through his encounters in his informal education with Plutarch and Calvinist Sermons. He believed that civilization was the catalyst to the lack of natural freedom. Also he believed that all humans were born with the same liberties and that these liberties were taken away by social inequalities. Though his philosophies are arguably revolutionary for the times, the question still remains; is Rousseau legitimately considered to be part of the Enlightenment movement? Perhaps the single most important Enlightenment writer was the philosopher-novelist-composer-music theorist-language theorist. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), who is important not merely for his ideas (which generally recycled older Enlightenment ideas) but for his passionate rhetoric, which enflamed a generation and beyond. The central problem he confronted most of his life he sums up in the first sentence of his most famous work, The Social Contract:† Man is born free but everywhere is in chains. Rousseau was considered part of the Enlightenment. Some even have regarded him as the most important individual found during the Enlightenment. His ideas were extremely radical for his time and somewhat continue to be radical in modern times. Some may even compare him to the more modern Karl Marx. Most of Rousseau’s works were based around the idea that humans were born with liberties and slowly overtime these liberties are stripped away. Rousseau also believed that civilization has taken away our natural freedoms. He argued the price of civilization is human freedom and human individuality . Even if each man could alienate himself, he could not alienate his children: they are born free; their liberty belongs to them, and no one buy they has the right to dispose of it. Rousseau tried to break out of the Enlightenment mold by having his essay Discourse on the Sciences and Arts published in 1751. He won an essay contest with this entry because of its radical material. He dis counted everything that the encyclopedist had strived to obtain. He stated that the sciences and the arts were the heart of the demise of society. However, this seemed to further his popularity among the group that he was trying to distinguish himself from. His theories were so far ahead of his time that men such as Voltaire balked at him and his efforts. Rousseau believed that people that held power often abused that power. He suggested that nobles and kings abused their power and that they were not absolute. In order for a king to have power the people had to allow him that power not God as many had thought in times before. Abuses of power can, of course, threaten the very life of the state. When the government- properly responsible only for carrying out the general will- takes upon itself the sovereign responsibility of establishing legal requirements for the people, the social contract has been broken. For Rousseau, then, the establishment of a government is always provisional and temporary, subject to the continual review by its citizens. Since the legitimacy of the social contract depends upon the unanimous consent of all the governed, the sovereign general will is fully expressed only in an assembly of the entire population. Even the effort to establish a representative legislative body is an illusion, according to Rousseau, since only each for all can determine the general. The Social Contract preached against people staying in the â€Å"main stream.† Man is born free; and everywhere he is still in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they. Rousseau states many times in all of his works that he is against a moncharial society unless it is ruling people that are not able to make up their own minds, however, he believes that most can make their own decisions. Each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody. This particular set of quotes further establishes his role of the thinking of educated people in the enlightenment period. He wanted society to catch up and realize that they did not have to be miserable in the way they were being governed. The enlightenment period embodies thoughts of pushing towards a new way of thinking and Rousseau was the front man for this movement whether or not he wanted to be. Rousseau did not want to be a part of the enlightenment in fact he mocked ever ything that these men were working for, ironically when one is learning about this period his name is by far one of the most recognized. Rousseau fought for the right of the people. He believed that if man put the general will of the people first that everyone would lead a much happier life. Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. He believed that without an absolute sovereign people would be much more responsive and there would also be less corruption within the government if there was more than one person running the show so to speak. This formula shows us that the act of association comprises a mutual undertaking between the public and the individuals. And that each individual, in making a contract, as we may say, with himself, is bound in a double capacity; as a member of the State to the Sovereign. But the maxim of civil right, that no one is bound by undertakings made to himself, does not apply in this case; for there is a great difference between incurring an obligation to yourself and incurring one to a whole of which you form a part. He argued that the King did his job just because he had to; which in Rousseau’s mind was a horrible calamity because if one is forced to do a task or does not know what the people think of his decision or know how exactly how his decision will affect those who are under his rule he should be considered an ineffective ruler. Those that live and see what is affecting their area should be able to make the decisions of what is going to happen to their families and possessions. This way of thinking almost completely eliminates a monarchal situation. In all Rousseau may not have considered himself a part of the Enlightenment movement, however, he was very much a huge contender to the times. His beliefs were so advanced many did not appreciate them until a few years after his death. His beliefs affect American lives on a daily basis, his political beliefs and teaching are deeply rooted in our Declaration of Independence. He was a man that was way before his time. His writings help support the fact that he was a leader in the movement. One cannot be considered revolutionary and not be apart of the movement that is going on during that specific time period. Rousseau was a revolutionary man! Research Papers on Jean-Jacques RousseauBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Public health and health policy Discuss the health problems and health Essay

Public health and health policy Discuss the health problems and health service issues that are associated with homelessness in L - Essay Example In London, the homeless face the problem of insufficient primary and secondary care, in spite of their critical health situations. National Health Service, the primary provider of public health in the UK, cannot provide such essential services to people without access to fixed address, a common feature in developed nations (Daly, 2013, p.213). In addition, Rogers and Pilgrim (2010, p.60) asserts that the homeless are prone to neglecting their health status, more than the general population, and they only seek such services when their health status have reached advanced stages. Homelessness is a complicated global issue that is caused by several issues while at the same time it does not have a single solution. In recent years, the government and global health organisations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) have identified the complex health challenges affecting the homeless as the underlying problem apart from the obvious accommodation issues amongst others. In England, ther e are several National Health Services and other privately sponsored charitable services, which provide the necessary healthcare and support to the homeless. The civil society in England, noted that during the global downturn, the National Health Services reduced its spending on the homeless. ... Gramlich (2008, p.70) observes that there is not a single specific definition of the term as variance in temporal dimensions, cognition and lifestyle amongst the homelessness street people. Since homelessness is mirrored in different settings, several situations come into play; this paper posits that the political agenda as well as the prevailing social values have been strongly linked to the definitions. Conventionally, homelessness has a residential dimension and this can often be used to redefine the term in this context. This is because the apparent feature of the classification stems from the lack of conventional housing for those deemed homeless. Levy and Sidel (2013, p.176) applies the United Nations Committee on Human Rights definition of the term and they intone that people who sleep in outdoors such as vehicles and abandoned non intended for human dwelling. Legal and statutory definition of the term have a characteristic contradictory nature and in the United Kingdom alone, there are several acts that define the term both at the national level and in the devolved systems. However, housing authorities in the United Kingdom consider domiciled individuals who have applied for their accommodation as homelessness applicants and therefore categorized. In the strictness of the term, the city of London has often distinctly identified two groups; the homeless and the rough sleepers. The rough sleepers are those who live and sleep on the streets of several English cities, yet in our case we shall be confined to London and Newham in particular. The Department of Communities and Local Government (2013) describes a person as statutorily homeless

Land Law Memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Land Law Memorandum - Essay Example The second item was fitted wardrobes in the master bedroom. Peter says that they had appeared to him to be spoke pieces of furniture since they fitted the space in the bedroom perfectly. The removal of the wardrobes has caused some damages that will require re plastering work. The thirds item was an ornamental fountain in the garden. Peter says he fell in love with the feature as it was a real center piece of the garden. It was made of cast iron and had a cherub at its center with a circular pool surround. The primary legal issue is whether the cooker, wardrobes and fountain are fixtures or chattels. This way, the right of ownership of the same assets would be determinable upon Jarvis show of proof that he legally owns the realty. The first legal test that Jarvis must pass in claiming the cooker, wardrobes and fountain is the right to the property. Secondly, the proper legal definitions of a fixture and chattel would then follow. Having settled the dues and by virtue of the freehold title in his position, this condition has been met. A fixture is defined as a chattel which is fixed in or on a property such as land in a way that it becomes part of the property in question. Any item such as a cistern or water filled heater fixed in a house to fill a space is regarded as a fixture by law. On the other hand, a fitting or chattel is an item, which is separate from the realty and moveable with minimal damage to the realty or the property at the centre of the transaction. A fitting may be regarded as a fixture if it is embedded to a building or a piece of land. For example, prior to the installation of a radiator system, the item is a chattel, but immediately it is installed, it becomes part of the property and is, thus regarded as fixture. There are two primary legal tests used in common law to determine whether a property is a chattel or a fixture: the method and level of annexation; and the object and purpose of annexation. The courts use the Section 62 Law of